Upgrading Oilsands Bitumen and Heavy Oil

Acknowledgements Introduction I.1 Crude Oil and Bitumen Definitions I.2 Canadian Oilsands Resources I.3 International Bitumen and Heavy Oil Reserves I.4 Upgrading Bitumen and Heavy Oil I.5 Economic Incentives for Upgrading I.6 Outline of This Book References 1. Density and Phase Behaviour 1.1 Density and API Gravity 1.2 Distillation Curves and Boiling Ranges 1.3 Average Molar Mass and Molar Mass Distribution 1.4 Vapour–Liquid Equilibrium 1.5 Solids in Crude and Processed Oils 1.6 Density and Average Molar Mass of Asphaltenes 1.7 Solubility Parameters of the Petroleum, Bitumen and Asphaltene Fractions 1.8 Water in Hydrocarbons Abbreviations Notation References 2. Transport and Thermal Properties 2.1 Liquid Viscosity 2.2 Thermal Conductivity 2.3 Diffusion Coefficient 2.4 Surface Tension 2.5 Melting Point of Vacuum Residues and Asphaltenes 2.6 Thermal Properties of Bitumen Fractions 2.7 Heats of Combustion Notation References 3. Chemical Composition 3.1 Origins of Alberta Bitumens 3.2 Elemental Composition 3.3 Class Fractionation 3.4 Coke-Forming Tendency 3.5 Chemical Structures in Bitumen 3.6 Asphaltene Composition and Structure 3.7 Quality Issues with Bitumen, Heavy Oils and Oilsands Products Abbreviations References 4. Upgrading Reactions and Kinetics 4.1 Thermodynamics of Cracking 4.2 Mechanisms of Cracking Hydrocarbons 4.3 Overall Kinetics of Bitumen Cracking 4.4 Liquid- versus Vapour-Phase Cracking of Bitumen Components 4.5 Catalytic Reactions in Upgrading 4.6 Formation of Solids and Coke 4.7 Basic Equations for Reactor Analysis at Steady State Abbreviations Notation References 5. Marketing of Bitumen Products 5.1 Crude Oil Exports 5.2 Crude Oil Pricing 5.3 Transportation of Bitumen and Upgraded Products 5.4 Trade-Offs Between Upgrading Cost and Product Quality 5.5 Natural Gas Supply and Properties 5.6 Natural Gas Condensate 5.7 Sulfur Transport and Marketing References 6. Production of Bitumen and Heavy Oil 6.1 Mineable Oilsands 6.2 In Situ Production of Oilsands Bitumen 6.3 Improvements to In Situ Production 6.4 In Situ Upgrading Schemes References 7. Overview of Upgrading Processing and Economics 7.1 Sequences of Upgrading Processes 7.2 Operating Costs of Upgrading Bitumen and Heavy Oil 7.3 Benchmarking of Production and Upgrading Strategies 7.4 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Production and Upgrading Processes 7.5 Selection of a Primary Upgrading Technology 7.6 Relationships of Upgrading to Refining 7.7 Limits to Upgrading Heavy Oils and Bitumens References 8. Separation Processes 8.1 Desalting 8.2 Atmospheric and Vacuum Distillation 8.3 Solvent Deasphalting References 9. Thermal Cracking and Coking Processes 9.1 Visbreaking: Thermal Viscosity Reduction 9.2 Delayed Coking 9.3 Fluid Coking 9.4 Fluid Coking with Coke Gasification 9.5 Limits on Yield and Density for Coking and Thermal Cracking Products 9.6 Coke Yield and Composition 9.7 Recycle in Coking Processes 9.8 Liquid-Phase Mass Transfer in Coking Processes 9.9 Additives to Control Coke Yield 9.10 Development of New Coking Processes 9.11 Control of Sulfur Emissions from Coking Processes 9.12 Kinetic Modelling of Thermal Cracking and Coking Processes 9.13 Heat of Reaction of Visbreaking and Coking Notation References 10. Residue Hydroconversion Processes 10.1 Fixed-Bed Catalytic Processes 10.2 Catalytic Ebullated-Bed Processes: LC-Fining and H-Oil 10.3 Additive-Based Processes: Slurries, Suspensions and Solutions 10.4 Roles of Hydrogen and Catalysts in Suppressing Coke Formation 10.5 Limits to the Performance of Hydroconversion Processes 10.6 Hydrogenation Reactions During Hydroconversion 10.7 Heat of Reaction for Hydroconversion 10.8 Catalyst Deactivation in Hydroconversion 10.9 Kinetic Models of Hydroconversion Notation References 11. Hydrotreating Processes 11.1 Hydrotreating of Distillate Fractions 11.2 Conversion of Diolefins 11.3 Hydrotreating for Aromatics Saturation 11.4 Hydrocracking of Gas Oils 11.5 Hydrogenation Reactions During Hydrotreating 11.6 Stoichiometry of Catalytic Hydrogenation 11.7 Heats of Reaction of Hydrotreating Reactions 11.8 Catalyst Properties 11.9 Catalyst Deactivation Notation References 12. Hydrogen Production and Gas Purification Processes 12.1 Hydrogen Production Processes 12.2 Cost of Hydrogen Production 12.3 Purification of Hydrogen-Rich Process Streams 12.4 Gas Recovery 12.5 Amine Treating 12.6 Sulfur Removal References Appendix A: Glossary and List of Acronyms A.1 Glossary of Selected Terms Commonly Used in the Oilsands Industry A.2 Common Acronyms in the Oilsands Industry References Appendix B: Assay Data for Bitumen and Upgraded Products Index